Mechanical properties for each grade are guaranteed in the actual bar, not a separately cast test sample. Ductile iron, like cast iron, is used for sewage service. The mechanism of inoculation and graphite nucleation in grey and ductile irons are explained. Ductile iron has greater strength and ductility than gray iron. Durabar 805506 ductile iron will contain nodular graphite in a matrix of ferrite and pearlite. The manufacture and process control of ascast ductile iron are discussed. Iso 1083 2004 is the latest standard for ductile iron material grades, mechanical and chemical properties. Abstract weldability of spheroidal graphite ductile cast iron was established using a cheap nife and a high purity ni electrode. General design considerations ductile iron pipe is an extremely durable materialits perfor. The pearliteferrite structure provides higher wear resistance and strength when compared to a ferrite grade of ductile iron. Very important parameters for obtaining a high nodule count were the high metallurgical quality. Ductile iron is not a single material but part of a group of materials which can be produced with a wide range of properties through control of their microstructure.
These properties are further enhanced by control of the chemical analysis and heat treatment of the metal matrix. Properties and applications of niresist and ductile ni. Carbon and silicon ranges for cast irons and steels. Ductile iron is a type of cast iron known for its impact and fatigue resistance, elongation, and wear resistance due to the spherical round graphite structures in the metal. The validation tests demonstrated that the mechanical properties of ductile iron can be predicted with reasonable accuracy through the equations developed in this research. The ascast mechanical properties of ductile iron can be significantly improved through an austempering heat treatment. The casting processes are characterized by complex relationships between predictors and responses. Information which gives you physical properties of ductile iron, alternate materials and austempered ductile iron. Microhardness as a function of depth for an abraded surface of adi. A preheating treatment at 350 c and an annealing treatment at 850 c were carried out to improve mechanical properties of welded pieces. It is a comprehensive summary of data describing the engineering properties of ductile iron. A new filler metal system can be used with several welding processes to produce joints in ductile iron that match or exceed base metal properties up to 80,000 psi 552 mpa by t. These are the standard or flake graphite alloys and the ductile or spheroidal graphite alloys.
While conventional ductile iron was discovered in 1943 and the austempering process had been around since the 1930s, the combination of the two technologies was not commercialized until the 1970s. Austempering ductile iron is a heattreating process that can be applied to ductile iron castings. What ductile iron with ductile iron, the safety and reliability of process equipment is improved. Processing techniques and productions of ductile iron. Work specified the work specified shall include all labor, material, equipment, tools, services and incidentals necessary to furnish and install ductile iron pipe, fittings and. The graph bars on the material properties cards further below compare ductile cast iron to. Modeling and experimental validation of microstructure. Wear behaviour of grey cast iron with the presence of copper. Ductile iron data for design engineers revised edition. Ductile iron pipe has superseded cast iron pipe, but dipra continues to sponsor the cast iron pipe century club as a salute to utilities for a job well done. Ductile iron is considered as a composite that some spherical graphite has distributed in iron matrix. Ductile iron pipe is available in five pressure classes, defined as the rated working pressure of the pipe, based on a minimum yield strength of 42,000 psi and a 2. In the last three decades the ductile cast iron production, also known as nodular iron has been increased. Variation of tensile properties of high silicon ductile iron.
It can have the highest tensile strength among the cast irons in the database. Effect of liquid environments on the properties of quenched and tempered ductile iron. This downloadable pdf file contains a listing of the members of this club. Impact properties of austempered spheroidal graphite cast irons. Continuous testing and field experience have brought the production and use of ductile iron pipe to maturity. The austempering process results in ductile iron which can be used to cast complex shapes, with a greater consistency of quality, and often at less cost.
The title describes both the contents and the objective of this book. As for the previous version, please refer to iso 1083 1987. Those properties allow it to be used effectively in a wide variety of industrial applications, including pipe, automotive components, wheels, gear boxes, pump housings, machine. Comparison of physical properties of gray and ductile iron. In addition to the cost advantages offered by all castings, ductile iron, when compared to steel and malleable iron castings, also offers further cost savings. Ductile iron, high silicon, solution hardening, gating system, tensile properties. Examples of the use of ncis are automotive parts such as camshafts, crankshafts, water pump housings, valves and steering articulations3,4. Weldability of spheroidal graphite ductile cast iron using ni.
This material is readily machinable with good surface finishes. The distinct, indisputable advantages to using ductile iron pipe instead of steel pipe have long been recognized by engineers, contractors, construction firm owners, and community leaders. Austempered ductile iron castings, or adi castings are ductile iron castings processed by a special heat treatment. Pdf optimizing the properties of thin wall austempered. Astma536 standard specification for ductile iron castings. The graphite morphology determines the mechanical properties of ductile iron. In order to better understand the shrinkage behavior of ductile iron during solidification, a. Oluwasegun abstract ductile cast irons are materials having strength, impact toughness and ductility comparable to those of many grades of steel while exceeding by far those of standard gray irons.
The properties of austempered cast iron include eight common variations. This article provides a detailed account of the general characteristics of ductile irons. The structure of spherical graphite cast iron, lead to increase ductility in this type of iron composition. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The operation removes any sharp, rough edges which otherwise might damage the gasket. On the microstructure and mechanical properties of automotive parts.
In fact ductile cast iron provides a wide spectrum of mechanical properties that can be obtained either by altering certain processing variables or through various heat treatments which present different and better combination of properties for application with special requirements 3. In ductile cast iron or spheroidal graphite cast iron the graphite is formed spherically fig. Ductile cast iron has excellent casting properties and machinability, which improves the. Of austempered ductile iron castings submitted by mr. Pdf mechanical properties enhancement of ductile iron by. Sae j 4342017 automotive ductile nodular iron castings. Means to the user the improved mechanical properties increase its resistance to breakage from physical load, or mechanical and thermal shock far above that of gray iron. Inoculation is an important step in the production of grey and ductile iron castings. Influence of cooling rate and antimony addition content on. Heat treating and properties of ductile iron heat treating. The following table has been compiled to assist with the selection of the ideal grade of cast iron for your castings. Study of the heattreatments effect on high strength ductile cast. The current iso standard for ductile iron, iso 1083, specifies grades either by tensile strength, proof stress and elongation or brinell hardness.
Request pdf solidification, processing and properties of ductile cast iron ductile cast iron has been an important engineering material in the past 50 years. Introduction ductile cast iron has a short and important history because was not developed until 1948. Emj sells durabar brand 654512 ductile iron, which is good for making electromagnets. Comparative analysis of the properties of the nodular cast iron with. Factors that affect the properties of ductile iron10. Tensile and yield strengths vary widely with different microstructures. Wear resistance, grey cast iron, copper addition, pinondisc, hardness. Inoculation of grey and ductile iron gri demir ve duktil.
Ductile iron handbook download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. These softseated butterfly valves are designed for a variety of general applications in the control of water, air, oil, gases, and corrosive media. Ductile iron what ductile iron is ductile iron is a family of cast graphitic irons which possess high strength, ductility and resistance to shock. Microstructure influence on fatigue crack propagation resistance in five different ductile cast ironsdci was investigated. Effect of magnesium and calcium as spheroidizers on the. The ductile iron grades will conform to those listed under astm a536, with the primary difference being the high nodule count and fine grain size inherent to the durabar continuous casting process. Recent development of ductile cast iron production technology. The matrix may be ferritic, pearlitic or a mixture of the two. Physical properties of ductile iron and alternative materials. Effects of silicon on mechanical properties and fracture. Its strength, toughness and ductility duplicate many grades of steel and far exceed those of standard gray irons.
An experimental behavioral study of ductile cast iron microstructure and its mechanical properties raghavendra n 1, pramod r sharma 2, h yogish 3 and varuna srivastava 4 1, 2, 4 asst. The common defining characteristic of this group of materials is the shape of the graphite. Austempered ductile iron adi represents an alternative solution for the manufacturing of the housing of small planetary gearboxes, with the gear teeth obtained. Austempered ductile iron adi is a form of ductile iron that enjoys high strength and ductility as a result of its microstructure controlled through heat treatment. Ductile iron structure, properties and applications. Pdf a mechanical properties model for ductile iron researchgate. As the morphology of graphite has a major influence on the mechanical properties of cast iron, metallographic quality control of grey iron is an in tegral part of its. Also available as a downloadable pdf file from the downloads page.
Professor, department of mechanical engineering, mvj college of engineering, bangalore, india. The results described in this paper show that unalloyed ductile iron. On the other hand, cast iron is also regarded as a material which is less sensitive against outernotch. Standard reference radiographs for ductile iron castings. Annealed cast ductile iron can be bent, twisted or deformed without fracturing. Mechanical and microstructural characterization of nodular. Optimizing the properties of thin wall austempered ductile iron. This form of graphite favours the elasticity of the cast iron and increases its. Ductile cast irons are heat treated to create matrix microstructures and associated mechanical properties not readily obtained in the ascast condition. In ductile irons, graphite is in the form of nodules rather than flakes as in grey iron.
Ductile iron, also referred to as nodular iron or spheroidal graphite iron, was patented in 1948. Iso 1083 2004 standard for ductile iron material grades and. The influence of the microstructural features of ductile iron, including graphite nodule count, nodularity, fraction of graphite, fraction of ferrite, and. Ductile iron pipe, which has long been the material standard for sewer force mains, pump station piping, and wastewater treatment plant mechanical piping, has gained greater acceptance for use in gravity mains and interceptors. There are many such savings possible in the specific case of converting a djctile and tempered steel component to austempered ductile. The correct inoculation practice is absolutely necessary to obtain the required structure in the casting. Mar 10, 2019 austempered ductile iron castings, or adi castings are ductile iron castings processed by a special heat treatment. Click download or read online button to get ductile iron handbook book now. Mechanical and microstructural characterization of nodular cast. Miyajima abstract this study proposes a method for designing a water pipeline system against fault displacements by using earthquake resistant ductile iron pipe. Properties and applications of niresist and ductile niresist alloys general characteristics of the niresist austenitic cast iron alloys there are two families of niresist austenitic cast irons. Mechanical and structural properties of ductile cast iron.
Research of earthquake resistant ductile iron pipe erdip. Adi is carbidic austempered ductile iron cadi, which of fers an increased resistance to wear. As the name suggests they are more ductile than most cast irons and have similar properties to grey irons i. Welding of ductile iron with nifemn filler metal a new filler metal system can be used with several welding processes to produce joints in ductile iron that match or exceed base metal properties up to 80,000 psi 552 mpa by t. Fonderie saguenay are a jobbing shop specializing in producing components in materials such as gray iron and ductile iron. Ductile iron full lug butterfly valves 88 mueller steam. Finally, the effects of elements such as ca, ba, sr, bi, ce on cast iron solidification will be shown.
Variation of tensile properties of high silicon ductile iron downloaded from. Many analysis and experiments have shown this cast presents good mechanical properties. The needs of material that consumed low of energy during its production and saved energy during its used enhance the use of austempered ductile iron adi, especially when adi is made as thin wall. During the last years the industrial use of ncis iron has been increasing and many investigations on the characterization and improvement of its mechanical properties have been developed2. Elwakil1,4 abstract waterworks fittings and accessories are important applications for ductile. They are equally effective for onoff, throttling, or isolation service requirements. For more specific values, follow the links immediately below. Comparison of the mechanical properties of steel and ductile. Spherical graphite in ductile iron leads to excellent properties, while chunky graphite severely reduces the properties of ductile iron castings. Ductile iron owes its remarkable mechanical properties to the spheroidal shape of its graphite. Pipe that is gauged full length is specially marked to avoid. This sae standard covers the minimum mechanical properties measured on separately cast test pieces of varying thickness and microstructural requirements for ductile iron castings used in automotive and allied industries. Recent development of ductile cast iron production. Comparison of physical properties if cast iron with steel castings.
The pure ni electrode showed graphite diffusion in the bead with a. Mechanical properties dependency of the pearlite content. Austempered ductile iron adi, offers even greater mechanical properties and wear resistance, providing tensile strengths exceeding 230 ksi 1600 mpa. The new development of ductile iron production techniques, such as coredwire injection wirefeeding. Effect of copper on austempering behavior of ductile iron core. Metallographic preparation of cast iron application. The properties of ductile cast iron include nine common variations. Inoculants are complex ferrosilicon based products with various elements like bi, re, sr, zr etc. Ductile cast iron behaves elastically over a considerable stress range in both tension and compression. Glavas et al the properties of silicon alloyed ferritic ductile irons metalurgija 55 2016 3, 293296 nodule count is high in all ductile irons and increases with increasing silicon content because it promotes graphite. Solidification, processing and properties of ductile cast iron. Effect of graphite nodularity on mechanical properties of. Ductile iron data for design engineers table of contents preface i. The factors influencing the mechanical properties of ductile iron.
Ductile iron is also called ductile cast iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron, or nodular cast iron. Other bainitic and martensitic structures may be formed by heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering and austempering. Mechanical properties of ductile irons1 cast iron science. The microstructure, properties and application of partial austenitization normalizing ductile iron and austempered ductile iron adi are brie. Factors that affect the properties of the ductile iron. Due to the spheroidal shape of the carbon the matrix keeps its continuity for achieve with good ductility. The results of this work have shown that nodular cast iron can have better fatigue resistance than aisi 4140 steel, if the nodules size is small mean diameter of 15 m the results of these authors. To demonstrate the distinguishing mechanical properties of steel and ductile iron, large diameter samples were gathered, cut, and subjected to mechanical property testing. Comparison of the mechanical properties of steel and. An experimental behavioral study of ductile cast iron.
Four ferritepearlite volume fractions were considered, performing. The youngest but most successful member of a truly ancient family, ductile iron has suffered from an abundance of myths and a lack. After a decade of intensive development work in the 1950s, ductile iron had a phenomenal ninefold increase in use as an engineering material during the 1960s, and the rapid increase in commercial. Effect of graphite nodularity on mechanical properties of ductile iron for waterworks fittings and accessories a. Previous works 1, 2 on ductile cast iron showed that the main factors affecting the mechanical properties are metallurgical structures. Ductile iron pipe offers more durability, a higher degree of safety, an extremely efficient installation proc. Ductile iron is a high strength, tough material used in water and wastewater systems in all 50 states of the united states and in many other areas of the world. It is the fundamental understanding of these complex relationships that often involves. In ductile iron the free graphite is in the form of discrete nodules or spheroids. Research of earthquake resistant ductile iron pipe erdip for fault crossing k. It discusses the hardness properties, tensile properties, shear and torsional properties, damping capacity, compressive properties, fatigue properties, and fracture toughness of ductile iron. Austempered ductile iron adi this section may be weighted too heavily toward only one aspect of its subject.
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